Isevisi yokuthengwa kwe-chip yezinga lezimboni ene-stop eyodwa

Okokuqala, imikhiqizo yezimboni ikwizinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu / eliphansi lesikhathi eside, umswakama ophezulu, inkungu enamandla kasawoti kanye nemisebe kagesi endaweni enokhahlo, ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezinokhahlo, ngakho-ke ama-chips ezimbonini kufanele abe nokuzinza, ukwethembeka okuphezulu nokuvikeleka okuphezulu, futhi ube nempilo ende yesevisi (ukuze amandla, ngokwesibonelo, kudinga izinga lokuhluleka kwesicelo se-chip yezimboni esingaphansi kwesigidi, imikhiqizo ethile ebalulekile idinga "0 "izinga lokungaqedi, izidingo zokuphila zomklamo womkhiqizo amahora angu-7 * 24, iminyaka engu-10-20 yokusebenza okuqhubekayo (Ngenkathi izinga lokuhluleka komthengi liyizingxenye eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zephesenti, impilo yokuklama iminyaka engu-1-3). Ngakho-ke, ukuklanywa nokukhiqizwa kwama-chips ezimbonini ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwesivuno okuqinile, okudinga amakhulu ezigidi zama-chips anesiqinisekiso sokuvumelana kwekhwalithi. amakhono, neminye imikhiqizo yezinga lezimboni idinga ngisho nokwenza ngendlela oyifisayo inqubo yokukhiqiza ezinikele.

Okwesibili, ama-chips ezimboni ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zangokwezifiso zemikhiqizo ehlukene, ngakho-ke awanazo izici zama-chips wabathengi ukuze aphishekele indawo yonke, ejwayelekile, ezwela intengo.Ama-chips ezimbonini avame ukuba yizigaba ezihlukene, isigaba esisodwa esinosayizi omncane kodwa onenani eliphakeme, elidinga ukuhlanganiswa okuseduze kwe-R & D kanye nezicelo, ukucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa kwezimo zokufaka izicelo, nokwenza izixazululo ngohlangothi lwesicelo, ngakho-ke ukusungulwa kwesicelo kubaluleke kakhulu. njengokuqanjwa okusha kwezobuchwepheshe.Yonke imakethe ye-chip yezimboni ayithinteki kalula ukushintshashintsha kokukhula kwemboni eyodwa.Ngakho-ke, ukuguquguquka kwentengo kukude noshintsho kuma-chip edijithali afana nama-memory chips namasekhethi anengqondo, futhi ukushintshashintsha kwemakethe kuncane uma kuqhathaniswa.Umkhiqizi wamashiphu wezimboni omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni we-Texas Instruments wesigaba sezimboni ulayini ofinyelela ezinhlotsheni ezingaphezu kwezi-10,000, inzuzo eyisamba yomkhiqizo efika ngaphezu kuka-60%, kuyilapho ukukhula kwemali engenayo yonyaka nakho kuzinzile.

Okwesithathu, imodeli eyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa yezinkampani zama-chip ezimboni zemodeli ye-IDM.Ukusebenza kwe-chip yezimboni kuyahluka kakhulu, kusetshenziswa izinqubo eziningi ezikhethekile, njenge-BCD (Biploar, CMOS, DMOS), izindawo ezinemvamisa ephezulu kanye ne-SiGe (silicon germanium) kanye ne-GaAs (gallium arsenide), ukusebenza okuningi emgqeni wokukhiqiza ozakhele wona. ukuze ubonise okungcono, ngokuvamile kudingeka wenze ngendlela oyifisayo inqubo nokupakishwa, nokuklama nokucubungula ukujula kokuhlanganiswa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezimo zezicelo ezikhethekile zezimboni.Imodeli ye-IDM ingathuthukisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo futhi yehlise izindleko zokukhiqiza ngezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, ngaleyo ndlela ibe imodeli yokuthuthukisa ekhethwayo yezinkampani zama-chip ezimboni ezihamba phambili emhlabeni.Emalini engenayo yokuthengiswa kwamashiphu ezimbonini emhlabeni wonke ecishe ibe ngamabhiliyoni angama-48.56, amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-37 emali engenayo anikelwe yizinkampani ze-IDM, kanti izinkampani ezingu-18 kwezingu-20 eziphezulu emhlabeni zama-chip yizinkampani ze-IDM.

Okwesine, imakethe yezinkampani zama-chip ezimboni iphezulu, futhi isimo sezikhulu zizinzile isikhathi eside.Ngenxa yokuhlakazeka ngokweqile kwemakethe ye-chip yezimboni, amabhizinisi amakhulu anamakhono athile okuhlanganiswa, izinqubo ezizinikele namandla okukhiqiza avame ukuthatha isabelo semakethe esikhulu, futhi aqhubeke nokukhula ngokuba mkhulu nangokuqina ngokutholwa kanye nezinzuzo.Ukwengeza, ngenxa yemboni ye-chip yezimboni ngokuvamile inciphisa ukubuyekezwa komkhiqizo, okuholela ezinkampanini ezimbalwa ezintsha ezingena kulo mkhakha, iphethini yokuphatha imboni iyaqhubeka nokuqina.Ngakho-ke, yonke iphethini yemakethe ye-chip yezimboni ibonisa izici zokuthi "okukhulu kuhlala kukhulu, umphumela wemakethe we-monopoly ubalulekile".Njengamanje, izinkampani zama-chip ezimboni ezingu-40 ezihamba phambili emhlabeni zithatha u-80% wesamba semakethe, kuyilapho imakethe yase-US yezimboni, abakhiqizi abaphezulu abangama-20 base-US banikele ngo-92.8% wesabelo semakethe.

Isimo sokuthuthukiswa kwe-chip yezimboni yaseChina

Ngokukhuthazwa okunamandla kweShayina kwengqalasizinda entsha kanye ne-inthanethi yezimboni, izinga lemakethe ye-chip yezimboni yaseChina lizobona ukukhula okusheshayo.Ngo-2025, kulindeleke ukuthi isidingo saminyaka yonke sama-chips kugridi yamandla kagesi e-China, ezokuthutha ngololiwe, amandla namakhemikhali, umasipala nezinye izimboni zezimboni sizobe sisondele ku-RMB 200 billion.Ngokosayizi wemakethe womkhakha wama-chip waseChina ngo-2025 wedlula izilinganiso eziyizigidi ezi-2, isidingo sama-chips ezimboni kuphela sabalelwa ku-10%.Phakathi kwazo, isidingo esiphelele se-computing yezimboni kanye nokulawula ama-chips, ama-analog chips nezinzwa zibalwe ngaphezu kuka-60%.

Ngokuphambene, nakuba i-China iyizwe elikhulu lezimboni, kodwa kusixhumanisi esiyisisekelo se-chip sisemuva kakhulu.Njengamanje, i-China inezinkampani eziningi ze-chip yezimboni, inani alikho ngempela, kodwa ukuhlukana okuphelele, akuzange kwakha i-synergy, ukuncintisana okuphelele kubuthakathaka kunabakhiqizi bangaphandle, futhi imikhiqizo igxile kakhulu emakethe ephansi.Ngokwemininingwane yakamuva evela ku-IC Insights, i-Taiwan's Industrial Technology International Strategy Development Institute, izinkampani eziyi-10 ezihamba phambili zokuklama i-IC ezweni lonke ngo-2019, ngokulandelana, iHeisi, Ziguang Group, Howe Technology, Bitmain, ZTE Microelectronics, Huada Integrated Circuit, Nanrui Smartcore Microelectronics. , ISSI, Zhaoyi Innovation, kanye ne-Datang Semiconductor.Phakathi kwazo, iBeijing Smartcore Microelectronics ekleliswe endaweni yesikhombisa, iyona kuphela kulolu hlu lwemali engenayo ikakhulukazi evela kubakhiqizi bama-chip ezimbonini, enye ikakhulukazi ama-chips abathengi asetshenziswa umphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukuklama kwendawo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwabakhiqizi be-chip yezinga lezimboni akuboniswa kulolu hlu, ikakhulukazi kumishini yezinzwa namandla, ezinye izinkampani zendawo zenze impumelelo.Njenge-Goer insimu ehamba phambili yezinzwa yasekhaya, embonini ye-electro-acoustic izakhi ezincane ze-electro-acoustic kanye nemikhiqizo yabathengi ye-electro-acoustic ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhiqizeni okuncintisana kakhulu.Ngokuphathelene namadivayisi kagesi, amabhizinisi endawo, amelwe yi-CNMC kanye ne-BYD, azuze imiphumela emihle emkhakheni we-IGBT, eqaphela ukushintshwa kwasekhaya kwe-IGBT yezimoto zikagesi kanye nesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu.

Sekukonke, abakhiqizi bama-chip ezimbonini baseChina, imikhiqizo isengamadivayisi anamandla, i-MCU yokulawula izimboni, izinzwa, kanti kwezinye izigaba ezinkulu zama-chips ezimbonini, njengemikhiqizo ye-analog esebenza kakhulu, i-ADC, i-CPU, i-FPGA, indawo yokugcina izimboni, njll. kusenegebe elikhulu phakathi kwamabhizinisi aseShayina kanye nabakhiqizi abakhulu bamazwe ngamazwe.

Isikhathi eside, ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezimboni zaseShayina kuthathe kuqala kunama-chips ezimboni, futhi ama-chips asetshenziswa emishinini yezimboni athengwa kakhulu kubakhiqizi abakhulu bangaphandle.Ngaphambi kokuba kube khona ukungezwani kwezohwebo phakathi kweShayina ne-United States, abakhiqizi bendawo banikezwe amathuba ambalwa okulinga, okwathiya ngezinga elithile ukuthuthukiswa kwamashiphu ezimboni endawo futhi kwaba yingozi ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono ezimboni zendawo zokulwa nengcuphe.Ama-chips ezimboni ahlukile kuma-chips abathengi, anezidingo eziphezulu zokusebenza zizonke, imijikelezo emide uma kuqhathaniswa ye-R&D, ukuqina kwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu kanye nemvamisa ephansi yokushintshwa.Ngemuva kokuthi uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwama-chip lwamazwe ngamazwe lunqanyuliwe noma lukhawulelwe izinto ezingezona ezemakethe, kunzima ukuthola ezinye ezifanelekayo phakathi nesikhathi esifushane ngenxa yesipiliyoni esiphansi sokudayiswa okukhulu kwama-chips ezimboni endawo kanye nokuhlola namaphutha. kanye nokuphindaphinda, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zezimboni.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, esimweni sokuwohloka okuphelele komnotho wasekhaya, izimboni zendabuko zidinga ukuhlakulela izindawo ezintsha zokukhula kwezimboni, futhi ingqalasizinda entsha esekelwe ezimbonini zezimboni ikhuthaza ukuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezimboni, kodwa uma inkinga yokubamba intamo. ayixazululeki, izoba nomthelela ngqo ekukhuleni komnotho omusha wezimboni futhi ibeke umkhawulo ekuqhubekeleni phambili okuqhubekayo kwesu lokuphehla amandla ezimbonini.Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-chips embonini yasendaweni yaseShayina adinga indawo enkulu yokuthuthukiswa kanye nemakethe, okungagcini nje ngokusiza ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yasendaweni yama-chip, kodwa nasekusebenzeni okunempilo nokunobuntu kohlelo lwezimboni.